Table 2 Plant traits and related ecosystem services investigated in the literature
Plant anatomy section | Plant trait | Ecosystem service | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Pollination | Bio-control | Water quality protection | ||
Flower | Achromatic component | ✓ | ||
Anthers | ✓ | |||
Anthesis | ✓ | |||
Availability of nectar | ✓ | |||
Bloom intensity | ✓ | |||
Bract size | ✓ | |||
Calyx width | ✓ | |||
Chromatic component | ✓ | |||
Colour stimulus | ✓ | |||
Disc floret area | ✓ | |||
Distyly | ✓ | |||
Diurnal anthesis | ✓ | |||
Floral display size | ✓ (11) | ✓ | ||
Floral nectar | ✓ (3) | ✓ (2) | ||
Floral odour | ✓ (4) | |||
Floral scent | ✓ | |||
Floral symmetry | ✓ | |||
Floral thermogenesis | ✓ | |||
Floral tubes | ✓ | |||
Floral UV reflectance | ✓ | |||
Flower colour | ✓ (9) | ✓ | ||
Flower number | ✓ | |||
Flower orientation | ✓ | |||
Flower radial symmetry | ✓ | |||
Flower shape | ✓ (3) | |||
Flower size | ✓ (2) | |||
Flower venation | ✓ | |||
Nectar guides | ✓ (2) | |||
Number of open flowers | ✓ | |||
Petal width | ✓ (2) | |||
Pollen quantity | ✓ | |||
Pollen reward | ✓ | |||
Spadices heat generation | ✓ | |||
Spur length | ✓ | |||
Stamen condition | ✓ | |||
Total capitulum area | ✓ | |||
Leaf | Epicuticular wax | ✓ | ||
Leaf area | ✓ (5) | |||
Leaf biomass | ✓ | |||
Leaf gelsemine | ✓ | |||
Leaf trichome | ✓ | |||
Number of leaves | ✓ | |||
Resin gland size | ✓ | |||
Staminal hairs | ✓ | |||
Stem | Stalk length | ✓ | ||
Root | Belowground biomass | ✓ | ||
Fibrous root diameter | ✓ | |||
Fibrous root length | ✓ | |||
Fibrous root surface | ✓ | |||
Percentage fine roots | ✓ (3) | |||
Root area | ✓ | |||
Root biomass | ✓ (2) | |||
Root density | ✓ | |||
Root diameter | ✓ | |||
Root length | ✓ (3) | |||
Root length density | ✓ | |||
Root mass | ✓ (2) | |||
Root slenderness | ✓ | |||
Root surface | ✓ | |||
Root system density | ✓ | |||
Root system topology | ✓ | |||
Root tensile strength | ✓ (2) | |||
Rooting depth | ✓ | |||
Whole plant | Aboveground biomass | ✓ | ||
Canopy density | ✓ (2) | |||
Height | ✓ | |||
Plant biomass | ✓ | |||
Plant roundness | ✓ | |||