Table 4 Recovery of C, P and N reported across different ecotechnologies in the evidence base
C | P | N | C and P | C and N | P and N | C, P and N | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Vermi)composting | 1 | 5 | 2 | 14 | |||
Ammonia stripping | 1 | ||||||
Anaerobic digestion | 3 | 4 | 5 | 11 | |||
Aquaponics | 2 | ||||||
Bioreactors | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Combination | 3 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 5 | ||
Constructed wetlands | 1 | 1 | |||||
Cover crops | 1 | 5 | 2 | 1 | |||
Crop management | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Electrocoagulation | 1 | ||||||
Gasification | 1 | ||||||
Industry systems | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||||
Manure treatment/management | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
Membrane filtration | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | ||
Microalgae cultivation | 3 | ||||||
Microbial fuel cells | 1 | 1 | |||||
Nanoparticles to control P leaching | 1 | ||||||
Nutrient biofilters | 1 | ||||||
P removal from drainage ditches | 1 | ||||||
Pyrolysis | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
Scrubber for NH4 recovery | 2 | ||||||
Source separation | 1 | ||||||
Struvite precipitation | 6 | 1 | 7 | 1 | |||
Soil amendments | 2 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 6 | |
Algal turf scrubber | 1 | ||||||
Number of studies | 10 | 22 | 35 | 2 | 18 | 39 | 51 |