Table 2 Inclusion/exclusion criteria for the three-stage screening process

Population

We included all ecosystems and wild species, plants and animals, terrestrial, aquatic or amphibious, including captive populations (e.g. pandas in zoos)

We excluded humans and domestic/non-wild species (e.g. cats, dogs, laboratory rats, etc.)

Exposure

We included all man-made sounds whatever the environment or media (terrestrial, aquatic) and the type of sounds (infrasounds, ultrasounds, etc.), including artificially recreated sounds (e.g. recorded road noise) and even abstract sounds (e.g. white noise produced by a computer)

We excluded all natural sounds (e.g. chorus frogs, wind, storms, waterfalls)

Outcomes

We included all outcomes related to the included populations, including but not restricted to biology/physiology (e.g. heart rate), use of space (e.g. species distribution, individual movements), intra and interspecific communication (e.g. song frequencies), species reproduction, ecosystem composition (e.g. species richness, abundance)