Fig. 3

Herbivore groups, plant groups, and study types. A combines the studies per herbivore group with the plant groups these studies investigated. B shows the count of studies across herbivore group and the level at which results on plants are reported. C shows the count of studies according to herbivore type and study approach. Herbivore group “defoliating inv.” refers to defoliating invertebrate herbivores and “other inv.” to other types of invertebrates. The vertebrate herbivores were first divided into three functional groups according to Speed et al. 2019 [37]; the group “small rodents and pikas” is denoted as “small rodents” in B and C. The functional group of larger vertebrates that overwinter above snow was further sub-divided to genera. Sample size refers to unique combinations; for instance, if a study that included several herbivores it is plotted in each herbivore category