| Included | Excluded |
---|---|---|
Populations | • Evidence syntheses that included experimental studies on non-human species with clear separation of generations | • Evidence syntheses solely on humans or species that do not have clear separation of generations (e.g., reproduce through budding, fragmentation, or vegetative propagation) • Evidence syntheses that only included correlational studies (i.e., did not include experimental studies) |
Exposures | • Evidence syntheses that included F0 environmental exposures that fitted within the following categories: (1) Diet (2) Human-induced pollutants/toxins (3) Natural variation in environmental composition (e.g., minerals and elements) (4) Psychological stress (5) Temperature (6) ‘Human health risk’ (e.g., tobacco and alcohol) (7) Population demographics (e.g., population density and sex ratio) (8) Light and/or photoperiod (9) Other | • Evidence syntheses that focused exclusively on human-related therapeutics/ pharmaceutical drugs such medicines and physical procedures (note that pharmaceuticals were included if they were within the context of environmental pollutants) • Evidence syntheses that focused exclusively on F0 polyandry or genetic inheritance |
Comparators | • Evidence syntheses that included a control environment (e.g., standard laboratory conditions) or two ‘levels’ of the same environment (e.g., warm versus cold temperature) | • Evidence syntheses that exclusively focused on different populations so effects could not be clearly attributed to specific environmental differences • Evidence syntheses that only included correlational primary studies (i.e., did not include experimental studies) |
Outcomes | • Evidence syntheses that included post-embryonic traits in the F1 or subsequent generations • Evidence syntheses that included outcomes fitted into the following categories: (1) Physiological (2) Morphological (3) Reproductive (4) Life-history (5) Behavioral (6) Molecular (7) Other | • Evidence syntheses that only focus on F0 fertility and fecundity such as offspring number |