Type | Example | Application | |
---|---|---|---|
Direct | Visual | Predator model (taxidermied, artificial, photograph) | |
Audible | Predator call | ||
Olfactory | Predator body odour | ||
Visual + Olfactory | Predator fur/skin/feathers | [88] | |
Visual + Audible + Olfactory | Live predator | ||
Contextual | Visual | Conspecific or heterospecific alarm behaviour | [279] |
Audible | Conspecific or heterospecific alarm call | ||
Olfactory | Predator urine, predator scent mark | ||
Visual + Olfactory | Predator faeces | ||
Visual + Olfactory/Audible | Injured conspecific | [102] |