Table 2 Metadata (adapted from the protocol in Campagne et al. [41]; ES ecosystem services)

Population

 Ecosystem type^a

Intertidal rock and other hard substrates; Intertidal sediment; Subtidal rock and other hard substrates; Subtidal sediment; Deep-sea habitats; Pelagic habitats—continental shelf; Pelagic habitats—open sea; Pelagic habitats—estuarine waters; Ice-associated marine habitats + free space for other ecosystem types

Classification EUNIS Niveau 2—European Commission

“Circalittoral rock and other hard substrates” were integrated in “Subtidal rock and other hard substrates” because it was difficult if not impossible to differentiate these two categories in most articles

 Specific ecosystem^a

Tidal marsh; Seagrass; Coral reefs; Mangroves; Kelp forests; Beach—dune strip; Estuary + free space for others specific ecosystem types

Mongruel et al. [15]

Addition of “Beach—dune strip”; “Estuary”

 Level of biological organization^a

The level of biological organization considered in the study:

- Species: Species populations (distributions and abundances) or species traits (morphology, physiology, phenology, movement, reproduction);

- Community: community composition (community abundance, taxonomic/phylogenetic diversity, trait diversity, interaction diversity);

- Ecosystem: functioning and structure.

Pereira et al. [58]

We did not code “population”, but “ecosystem” instead because it was more relevant for our map

Characteristics of biodiversity

If any characteristics of biodiversity were assessed in the study, we reported the type of Biodiversity indicator following the definition proposed by Lausch et al. [44]:

- Taxonomic: the number of different biotic entities (e.g., individuals, populations, species, communities, ecosystems, landscapes);

- Structural: the arrangement and distribution (composition and configuration) of biotic entities (e.g., population structure, community structure and landscape patterns);

- Functional: the diversity of functions and processes (species processes, community processes and landscape processes).

Lausch et al. [44]

None

Biodiversity species^b

Free space to record the name of species considered in the study, if any

New category of coded names of species studies focused on

Outcomes

 Number of ES per Categories

Number of ES for the following ES categories: Provisioning services; Regulating services; Cultural services; Disservices

None

 ES

Food provision; Raw materials; Genetic materials; Water provision; Water purification; Air quality regulation; Coastal protection; Climate regulation; Weather regulation; Nutrient cycling; Habitat provision; Pest and disease control; Symbolic and aesthetic values; Recreation and tourism; Cognitive effects; Educational opportunities (related ES terms would be considered in each ES type)

 + free space for other ES and for the name of all ecosystem services and disservices in the study with the name as in the study

Préat [20]

None

 ES components^a

The ES values defined in the study represent:

- the ES potential/capacity/supply; “the provision of a service by a particular ecosystem, irrespective of its actual use. It can be determined for a specified period of time (such as a year) in the present, past, or future.” ([45] page 154);

- the ES use/flow; “the amount of ES that are actually mobilised in a specific area and time.” ([45] page 155);

- the ES demand; “the need for specific ES by society, particular stakeholder groups or individuals. It depends on several factors such as culturally-dependent desires and needs, availability of alternatives, or means to fulfil these needs. It also covers preferences for specific attributes of a service and relates to risk awareness”. ([45] page 156)

(Indication were added if it is preferences/desires; the ES benefits or another form of demand or when the ES demand is not specified).

Following definitions in Burkhard and Maes [45]

We grouped the ES components differently because definitions vary among authors; we grouped components with closed definitions

 ES values

The type of ES values are coded based on the ES indicators in the study following the definitions in IPBES Values Assessment Report 2022:

- “Economic values are based on individual preferences, reflecting individual needs, wants, perceptions, and worldviews, as well as the scarcities imposed by nature and by the social and economic contexts within which people live”;

- Sociocultural valuation methods aim “to value nature and its contributions to people by discovering the psychological, historical, cultural, social, ecological, and political contexts and conditions, as well as the worldviews and social perceptions that shape individually held or

commonly shared values”; - “Biophysical approaches assess value based on the intrinsic properties of objects by measuring underlying physical parameters. They generally aim to examine the ecological importance of attributes, qualities, and quantities characterizing nature’s condition and functioning”.

Following definitions in IPBES Values Assessment Report p. 17 [46]

None

Exposure/comparator

 Scale of study area

Subnational; National; Supranational; Continental; Global; No case study

Liquete et al. [22]

“Local” was integrated in “subnational” because it depended on the size of the study in the article and the country involved

 Study country

Country included in the study; global

None

 Study ocean locality^a

Ocean included in the study based on the case study

New category

Study sea locality^a

Sea included in the study based on the case study or NA

New category

 Specific location

Free space for the name of the case study site

None

Number of sites

Number of case study sites reported in the study

New category

Temporal scale interval raw data^a

Interval of time elapsed between successive temporal replicates of the raw data (i.e., the data used for the analysis in the article, e.g., data used to calibrate a prediction)

Distinguishes information in terms of raw data (which we defined as the data used for the analysis in the article, e.g., data used to calibrate a prediction) and the results data (i.e., the data results of each study, e.g., the results from a prediction model)

Temporal scale duration raw data^a

Duration of time elapsed between first and last temporal replicates of the raw data analysis

Temporal scale interval result data^a

Interval of time elapsed between successive temporal replicates of the result data (i.e., the data results of each study, e.g., the results from a prediction model)

Temporal scale duration result data^a

Duration of time elapsed between first and last temporal replicates of the result data analysis

Time frame^a

- Past: data prior to 3 years before the date of publication;

- Present: data in the last 3 years before publication;

- Future: data after the publication.

None

Time data^a

- Observation and descriptive study with measurement of a specific parameter;

- Experimentation and demonstrative study with experiments showing causality effects between factors;

- Prediction/projection: definition of potential values in the future based on models. Projection is future when a change/pressure happens. Prediction is future when nothing influences the evolution.

Adapted from Sordello et al. [47]

Addition of “experimentation” and addition of “projection” with “prediction”

Pressure type^a

Land/sea use change; Direct/overexploitation; Pollution; Introduction of non-indigenous species; Management effects; Climate change (CC); CC– extreme events; CC—sea level rise; CC—warming waters; CC—deoxygenation; CC—ocean acidification; CC—other pressure

 + free space for other pressures (related to climate change, e.g., the impact of El Nino Southern Oscillation)

IPBES [1] and Halpern [32]

We added Climate change pressures adapted from detailed Halpern [32] as it is a specific focus we wanted

Type of management^a

Marine protected area; Water quality management; Fishery management

We changed this item to specify the type of management or the presence of a marine protected area

Complementary information

 Type of data^a

- Primary data: data was created and not based on other studies;

- Quantitative data: empirical or observational data or biophysical or economic indicators;

- Qualitative data: data from interviews or public perceptions from questionnaires;

- Data variability: when an indicator of the variability is presented in the article.

Following Langridge et al. [48]

Added categories

Study design^b

- Control-impact design: two or more ecosystems/areas/species with at least one with the driver of change and at least one without the driver of change, both studied at one point in time;

- Before-after design: one ecosystem/area/species studied before and after an event (e.g., a new driver of change or a sudden event as an extreme climate event);

- Before-after control-impact design: two ecosystems/areas/species; one with the driver of change and one without, both at two time points: before and after the event;

- Multiple before-after control-impact design: two or more ecosystems/areas/species: two or more with the driver of change and several without, all at several time points, before and after the event;

- Multiple impact design: two or more ecosystems/areas/species with different characteristics (e.g., exposed to different drivers of change) compared at 1 time point;

- Multiple impact design—a temporal series: two or more ecosystems/areas/species with different characteristics over time;

- Temporal series during a disturbance: one ecosystem/area/species or several studied over time when exposed to a chronic disturbance;

- Temporal series post-disturbance: one ecosystem/area/species or several studied over time post-disturbance;

- Correlation analysis: correlations between the magnitude of a driver of change and one or several ecosystems/areas/species characteristics

Adapted from Sordello et al. [47]

New category