Table 1 The PICO structure of the systematic review research question
Question key elements | |
|---|---|
Population (P) | Degraded areas near a forest |
Intervention (I) | Artificial perches (e.g., wooden posts, wires) Natural perches (e.g., single trees, shrubs) |
Comparator (C) | Temporal: before and after intervention at the same site Spatial: with and without intervention at adjacent sites with the same expected seed source and ecoregion |
Outcome (O) | Seed richness Seed density Seedling richness Seedling density |
Moderator | Matrix type (e.g., agriculture, grassland, regenerating landscape) Distance of perch to forest edge Precipitation variation Bioclimatic region (tropical, subtropical, temperate, boreal) CEE Risk of Bias score (low, medium, high) Methods validity score (low, high) |