Fig. 2

Working theory of change on the links between nature-based interventions (NbIs) for climate change mitigation (green box) and changes in greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration outcomes via changes to aboveground biomass (measured as proxy outcomes—changes in land condition, land cover, and land use) in natural and modified terrestrial tropical habitats. These primary outcomes of interest are highlighted in dark gray. Complementary actions to support enabling conditions for NbIs are often carried out alongside or integrated with NbIs (blue box). Together, NbIs and complementary actions have other social and ecological outcomes (often described as co-benefits or co-impacts) (light grey boxes). However, we do not include articles that only focus on these other outcomes.