Box 1 Types of cost

Implementation cost: Costs incurred from the implementation of the intervention, i.e. labor, transportation, materials, infrastructure, training, and payment to participants (if applicable)

Cost-effectiveness: Expressed as cost per standardized spatial unit and/or standardized unit of sequestered carbon; or cost comparisons between different types of interventions

Opportunity cost: Benefits forgone as a result of engaging in an NBI, commonly expressed as the value of opportunities or net benefits forgone

Sustainability/permanence cost: Post-implementation monthly or annual costs for continuing the intervention

Monitor/maintenance cost: Costs for data collection, analysis, validation, and management to monitor the progress and impacts of the intervention over a landscape