Table 6 Typology of built structures interventions.
Category | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Artificial—designed | Artificial or human-made structures that have been designed or engineered specifically for reef contexts and do not contain electricity | Reef modules; reef balls; caste concrete; reef mattresses; reef units; reef castles; concrete modules; Mars Assisted Reef Restoration System (MARRS reef stars); biorock without electricity; tetrapods; Subcon reef modules; 3D frames; Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) |
Artificial—designed with electricity | Artificial or human-made structures that have been designed or engineered specifically for reef contexts and do contain electricity | Biorock with electricity; seacrete; mineral accretion technology; 3D frames with electricity; any module with electricity |
Artificial—repurposed | Artificial or human-made structures that have been repurposed from their primary use | Concrete pipes; concrete rubble; ships; tires; planes |
Artificial—artwork | Artificial or human-made structures that have been created as artwork | Underwater sculptures; underwater statues; underwater art installation (ex: 1000 Mermaids Artificial Reef Project) |
Hybrid—artificial and natural | Hybrid structures, defined as those created from a combination of artificial and natural materials | Cement plus natural rock; mesh or netting over existing rubble; gabion cages; gabion baskets; reef bags |
Natural | Natural structures of geologic origin | Cobble; rock; boulder; limestone; unconsolidated reef |