Table 1 Characteristics of 16 studies investigating socio-economic impact of activities in UNESCO BRs in Southeast Asia
Article; type of data UNESCO BR, Country | Study design | Population | Intervention category and duration of intervention | Outcome category | Data collection method | Internal validity rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bahadur, 2020 Quantitative Tonle Sap, Cambodia | Non-controlled, (cross-sectional) | Households dependent on fish | CBNRM 3Â years | Economic living standards Governance Social relations Subjective well-being Material living standards | Survey | High |
D'Agnes, 2010 Quantitative and Qualitative Palawan, Philippines | BA | Household in Palawan | CBNRM Health intervention CBNRM & Health intervention At least 4Â years | Health Economic living standards | Household survey (not matched pre-post, they were different, deliberately) | High |
Dinh, 2010 Quantitative Cat Tien (Dong Nai), Vietnam | CI BACI | Household in biosphere reserve | Resource Use Management 4Â years | Economic living standards | Household surveys | Low |
Dumlao, 2003 Quantitative and Qualitative Palawan, Philippines | CI | Coastal community | Habitat management 1996 (across 6Â years) | Economic living standards Social relations | Interview with structured questions | Moderate |
Eriksson, 2019 Quantitative and Qualitative Komodo MPA, Indonesia | CI | Residents | Resource Use Management Since 1980 (BR) Since 2010 in (outside BR) | Economic living standards Education Social relations | Semi-structured interviews | Moderate |
Ngoc, 2018 Quantitative Cu Lao Cham, Vietnam | Non-controlled, (cross-sectional) | Longline fishers Gillnet fishers Liftnet fishers Fishing households | Resource Use Management 10Â years | Economic living standards Material living standards Economic living standards Governance | Survey | Unclear |
Nguyen, 2019 Quantitative and Qualitative Cu Lao Cham, Vietnam | Non-controlled, (cross-sectional) | Local people working in tourism sector | Livelihood intervention NR | Social relations Subjective well-being Economic living standards | Interviews | Low |
Palmer, 2014 Quantitative and Qualitative Lore Lindu, Indonesia | Non-controlled, (cross-sectional) | Communities in 3 areas impacted by NGOs | CBNRM years 14Â years approx | Governance | Community surveys | Moderate |
Pido, 2009 Quantitative Palawan, Philippines | Non-controlled, (cross-sectional) | Local residents | CBNRM 6Â years maximum | Material living standards | Individual and household interviews | Low |
Richardson, 2018 Quantitative and Qualitative Tonle Sap, Cambodia | CI | Fish farming/former fish farming households | Livelihood intervention 4Â years | Material living standards | Household survey | Moderate |
Shively, 2001 Quantitative Palawan, Philippines | CI BA | Community (farming) | Livelihood intervention NR | Economic living standards | Survey | Unclear |
Sok, 2012 Quantitative Tonle Sap, Cambodia | Non-controlled, (cross-sectional) | Households | CBNRM 8Â years approx | Social relations | Survey | Moderate |
Torell, 2010 Quantitative Ranong, Thailand | CI Non-controlled, (cross-sectional) | Households | Livelihood intervention NR | Economic living standards Social relations Governance Education | Survey | High |
Tran, 2014 Quantitative and Qualitative Red River Delta, Vietnam | CI | Local residents participating in scheme | Livelihood intervention 2006–2011 (funded) | Economic living standards | Survey | Moderate |
Tupper, 2015 Quantitative and Qualitative Palawan, Philippines | Non-controlled, (cross-sectional) | Stakeholders for the Calamianes islands MPA | Resource Use Management 2–4 years, depending on the MPA site | Governance Economic living standards | Workshop on perceptions | Moderate |
Vong, 2017 Quantitative and Qualitative Tonle Sap, Cambodia | CI | Households | CBNRM 9Â years | Material living standards | Household interview, semi-structured questionnaire | Moderate |