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Table 5 Grouped major SPPs relevant to the nutrient cycle

From: Biochar improves the nutrient cycle in sandy-textured soils and increases crop yield: a systematic review

Grouped (SPPs)

Soil and plant properties (SPPs)

Soil total NPK

K concentration, K content, N concentration, N content, P concentration, P content, total K, total N, total P

Soil mineral nitrogen

Ammonification rate, available ammonium, available nitrate nitrogen, exchangeable ammonium, extractable ammonium, N mineralization, nitrate nitrogen rate, nitrification, soil ammonium, soil ammonium concentration, soil ammonium content, soil nitrate nitrogen, soil nitric nitrogen

Plant nutrient level

Shoot N, Shoot P, Shoot K, K uptake, P uptake, N uptake, plant N

N2O emission

Nitrous oxide emission

Soil NPK availability

Available N, available P, available K, dissolved K, dissolved P, exchangeable K, extractable K, extractable P

Potential CEC

Potential CEC

Effective CEC

Effective CEC

Nutrient use efficiency

Nutrient use efficiency

Mineral N leaching

Cumulative ammonium leaching, cumulative nitrate nitrogen leaching, leached ammonium, leached nitrate nitrogen, nitrate leaching