Fig. 7
From: Herbivore diversity effects on Arctic tundra ecosystems: a systematic review
The effect of herbivore diversity on plant C content, plant structure, soil moisture, plant height, dwarf shrub abundance, plant fitness and soil labile C was modulated by study validity (a), publication bias (decline effect; b, c), length of the study (d) and type of error estimate (e–h). For categorical moderators, circles represent overall effect sizes with colour indicating the magnitude of the effect, thin lines represent prediction intervals and thicker lines (often hidden behind the overall effect size) represent confidence intervals. Significance of the effect, as per the meta-regression models, is indicated with darker colours. The number of articles and studies (in brackets) are indicated in small font; note the small sample sizes for some levels of variables. For continuous moderators, lines represent model fit with 95% confidence intervals