Table 5 Definitions of bias mentioned in the narrative synthesis
From: Human well-being impacts of terrestrial protected areas
Recall bias | Imperfect recollection of past events by respondents. Generally worsened by longer periods of recall |
Social desirability bias | Tendency to respond to questioning in such as way as to be viewed favourably by others |
Questioning bias | Questioner leading respondents to reply to questioning in a certain direction |
Neyman bias | Arises from a time lag between exposure and sampling such that undetected drop-out of participants may occur before the study begins. |
Attrition bias | A skew in results where participants are lost between measurements at two time points (potentially as a result of the exposure) during the study |
Optimism bias | A belief by a respondent that they are less likely to experience a negative event relative to other respondents, or over-optimism on the part of analysts or interviewers, about the effects of a project. |
Hypothetical bias | Failure of respondents to consider the true budget constraints in responding to financial questioning |
Strategic bias | Tendency for respondents to alter their answers in an attempt to influence an event |