Ecosystem service type | Examples | Biodiversity or abiotic component responsible | Example assessment metrics | Example studies |
---|---|---|---|---|
Provisioning | Timber | Tree species | Stand density, stem diameter, tree height | [27] |
Fisheries | Fish and invertebrate species | Abundance and biomass of relevant species | ||
Regulating | Coastal protection | Tree species | Mangrove area, tree density and structural complexity | |
Carbon storage | Sediment, Tree species | Sediment depth, sediment carbon content, tree biomass | [32] | |
Supporting | Erosion control and sediment stabilisation (land expansion) | Tree species | Forest age, density, form and structural complexity of dominant tree species | |
Primary production | Tree species | Leaf litter, tree biomass gain | [35] | |
Nutrient cycling | Whole biotic community and sediment | Leaf litter biomass | [36] | |
Cultural | Religious values | Unclear | Unclear | [24] |
Tourism and recreation | Highly variable | Species richness and abundance of charismatic species | [37] |