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Table 1 Ecosystem services and example assessment metrics reported from mangrove forests

From: Do mangrove forest restoration or rehabilitation activities return biodiversity to pre-impact levels?

Ecosystem service type

Examples

Biodiversity or abiotic component responsible

Example assessment metrics

Example studies

Provisioning

Timber

Tree species

Stand density, stem diameter, tree height

[27]

Fisheries

Fish and invertebrate species

Abundance and biomass of relevant species

[28, 29]

Regulating

Coastal protection

Tree species

Mangrove area, tree density and structural complexity

[30, 31]

Carbon storage

Sediment, Tree species

Sediment depth, sediment carbon content, tree biomass

[32]

Supporting

Erosion control and sediment stabilisation (land expansion)

Tree species

Forest age, density, form and structural complexity of dominant tree species

[33, 34]

Primary production

Tree species

Leaf litter, tree biomass gain

[35]

Nutrient cycling

Whole biotic community and sediment

Leaf litter biomass

[36]

Cultural

Religious values

Unclear

Unclear

[24]

Tourism and recreation

Highly variable

Species richness and abundance of charismatic species

[37]

  1. Ecosystem service examples grouped by type with example assessment metric identified from published literature. Ecosystem service types are based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [23].