Table 4 Criteria for classifying included studies
Group | Characteristics |
|---|---|
Farm-level | The study mainly focuses on the impacts of GM crops at farm-level without considering co-existence issues (see below). |
Co-existence | The study mainly focuses on the impacts of co-existence regulations |
Supply chain | The study mainly focuses on the impacts of GM crops on/ along the supply chain |
Consumer level | The study mainly focuses on the impacts of GM crops on consumers. |
Environmental economics | The study mainly focuses on the impacts on environmental economics aspects, including economic quantification of: |
a) agro-biodiversity conservation | |
b) land use changes | |
c) climate change mitigation and production of renewable energy | |
d) others | |
Food security | The study mainly focuses on the impacts on food security, including: |
a) physical availability of food | |
b) economic and physical access to food | |
c) food utilization | |
d) stability of the other three dimensions over time | |
Mixed topics | The study indistinctly focuses on two or more topics indicated above |