Table 3 The subjects, exposures, comparators and outcomes of relevance

Miombo woodlands: as defined by the presence of Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isoberlinia

Land use and land use practices that impact on above and below ground carbon stocks, which include:

Alternative land uses and practices compared either as controlled ‘plots’ (study areas defined in the primary studies) with different land-use strategies set up and analysed at the same time, or before-and-after intervention comparisons on the same plots.

Any measured change in:

- Carbon stocks (including plant carbon and soil carbon)

- Energy use (firewood and charcoal)

- Plant biomass (including above and below ground)

- Poles (for use in the home)

- Commercial Timber harvesting

- Agriculture (including shifting cultivation, expansion)

- Livestock (browsing of saplings)

- Wildlife damage (i.e. elephants)

- Beekeeping (making of traditional bark hives)

- Destructive harvesting of NTFPs (e.g., edible caterpillars, fruits)

- Protected areas

- Agroforestry

- Fire (natural; managed and wild)

- Rainfall; drought; temperature variability

- Infrastructure development (roads; mining)