Populations | Exposures | Comparators | Outcomes | Context |
---|---|---|---|---|
Forests, woodlands, and shrublands (natural or planted), or farmlands, agroforests or landscapes consisting of the mixtures of those that supply firewood and charcoal in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) (see Additional file 1 for list of SSA countries) | Production, collecting, harvesting, processing, trading and consumption of wood energy | Before or without wood energy production, collection, harvesting, processing, trading or consumption activities | Environmental impacts, including deforestation, forest degradation, forest regeneration, and other changes in tree cover; secondary impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, carbon sequestration/carbon stocks, and non-carbon ecosystem services, water flow, erosion/sedimentation, biodiversity | Formal and informal regulatory frameworks that govern wood energy production, collection, harvesting, processing, trading and consumption activities, which include tenure systems, trade, energy, environmental laws and regulations. |
Wood energy value chain participants (as specific economic groups): collectors, producers, traders, intermediate and final consumers in SSA | (Note: Production practices can include managed coppice systems, plantation forestry, assisted natural regeneration, and agroforestry) | Before or without substitute or alternative technologies (kilns and cookstoves) that affect demand/supply of wood energy | Socio-economic impacts on wood energy value chain participants, such as changes in employment, assets, income, household pollution, health, based on indicators listed in [34] |