What is the impact of active management on biodiversity in boreal and temperate forests set aside for conservation or restoration? A systematic map

Table 3 Combinations of interventions and outcomes (number of included studies)

Intervention	Outcome
Intervention	Vertical stand structure	Horizontal stand structure	Tree microhabitats	Dead wood	Trees	Vascular plants except trees	Bryophytes	Lichens	Fungi	Mammals	Birds	Amphibians	Reptiles	Saproxylic beetles	Ground beetles	Other beetles	Insects except beetles	Arthropods except insects	Invertebrates except arthropods	Invasive species	All outcomes
Burning	34	1	7	60	123	105	11	7	15	12	31	3	1	34	16	9	10	13	3	30	227
Thinning	57	1	4	55	129	113	26	13	11	36	34	4	0	19	10	7	16	14	1	22	229
Partial harvesting	48	4	7	73	153	113	37	26	12	26	49	10	3	29	25	17	38	34	3	15	311
Removal of woody understorey	7	0	0	7	35	27	4	4	2	3	7	0	0	4	3	3	5	5	0	9	57
Removal of ground vegetation	0	0	0	0	2	7	5	4	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	9
Litter manipulation	0	0	0	0	4	17	5	4	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	5	20
Creation of dead wood	2	0	4	16	21	9	3	2	10	0	6	0	0	31	1	5	6	4	0	0	66
Addition of dead wood	0	0	0	3	3	1	1	1	5	0	0	0	1	11	1	2	3	1	0	0	19
Grazing or exclusion from grazing	18	0	1	8	84	110	18	12	5	9	13	3	2	2	15	7	18	12	5	15	157
Mowing	0	0	0	0	6	8	0	2	0	0	2	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	3	10
Coppicing	0	0	0	1	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	4
Pollarding	0	0	1	0	2	1	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4
Underplanting	4	0	0	3	13	16	6	1	2	3	0	2	0	0	3	1	3	5	1	2	25
Introduction of non-tree species	0	0	0	0	4	7	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	4	0	0	0	0	0	6	11
Control of exotic/invasive species	0	0	0	0	10	14	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	2	3	0	12	21
Hydrological interventions	0	0	0	1	2	2	3	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4
Other interventions	0	0	0	1	5	9	2	1	3	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	13
All interventions	115	5	18	153	401	373	88	56	52	71	115	17	6	78	54	36	75	64	13	69

ISSN: 2047-2382