Fig. 8

Ecosystem services measured and duration of studies. The figure shows nutrient cycling was mostly studied 1 to 4 years. Of 44 studies measuring pollination, most were less than one year (66 %, n = 29) or 1 to 4 years (27 %, n = 12). Most studies monitoring biodiversity on farms were conducted in less than 4 years (65 %, n = 53), as were pest regulation (76 %, n = 34) and pollination (85 %, n = 41). Carbon sequestration and storage made up the largest proportion of long-term studies (i.e. 20 +/50 + years) (51 %, n = 56), together with nutrient cycling (16 %, n = 17) and soil regulation (26 %, n = 28). The dotted line indicates the number of articles, which is less than the total as many studies measured more than one service