Fig. 2

A conceptual model linking systematic conservation planning to potential outcomes. A range of inputs influence the planning process (related to stages 1–7 of Fig. 1). The planning process often involves the integration of decision-support tools, stakeholder consultation exercises and iterative assessments of biological and other spatial datasets. Different types of outputs from the planning process will lead to different types of outcomes however, given the causal chains are not yet well understood, single arrows have been used to indicate the influence of the planning process on the types of potential outcomes. Immediate outcomes relate to the form of enactment of the plan and longer term outcomes relate to threat levels and the state of biodiversity (see [49] for more on this pathway). Potential outcomes extend beyond just those to natural capital, also encompassing financial, social, human and institutional capital, as indicated in the examples. The feedback arrow from outcomes to inputs indicates the adaptive approach used to modify plans subject to observed outcomes