Fig. 8From: Manipulating ungulate herbivory in temperate and boreal forests: effects on vegetation and invertebrates. A systematic reviewResponses of understorey abundance and richness to different kinds of herbivory manipulation. See Fig. 3 for explanations. As in other figures, a positive summary effect size indicates that the abundance or richness was higher at high herbivory than at low herbivory, and vice versaBack to article page