Table 2 Inclusion/exclusion criteria for the three-stage screening process

Exclusion criteria

• Population:

Domestic species or populations (e.g. cats, dogs, etc.)

• Exposure:

Studies that deal exclusively with natural noises (e.g. chorus frog)

• Context:

No restrictions on biogeographical zones

Inclusion criteria

• Population:

All wild species, including in captivity (e.g. pandas in zoos). All terrestrial, aquatic and amphibious species

• Exposure:

- All man-made noises whatever the environment or media (terrestrial, aquatic, aerial) and the type of sounds (infrasounds, ultrasounds, etc.), including artificially recreated noises (e.g. recorded road noise) and even abstract noises (e.g. white noise produced by a computer)

- In-situ and ex situ experiments (e.g. studies in laboratories, zoological parks, aquariums, cages, etc.)

• Outcomes:

All outcomes related to the included populations, including but not restricted to biology/physiology (e.g. heart rate), use of space (e.g. species distribution, individual movements), intra and interspecific communication (e.g. song frequencies), species reproduction, ecosystem composition (e.g. species richness, abundance)