Table 5 Eligibility criteria

Population

Any bird species, including domesticated species

Intervention/exposure

Anthropogenic light sources, including, but not limited to, point sources of light, illuminated habitat, and skyglow

Comparator

Same site under different lighting conditions

Nearby site with similar habitat type, anthropogenic activity, migration density (jf applicable) and weather as the treatment site, at the same time of day

Documentation of aggregation, mass landing, mortality, or other bird behaviours near artificial light sources without comparator will be included in the map and categorized as incidental reports

Outcome

Bird density, including (but not limited to) radar observations, visual counts and vocalization counts

Bird mortality

Resource consumption (such as crop damage or aquaculture predation)

Behavioural outcomes directly involving movement through space, including (but not limited to) orientation, flight path, flight initiation, diving and foraging

Behaviours known to precede movement: overt reaction distance, alert response (e.g. moving head laterally or vertical, crouching)

Temporal shifts in behaviours involving movement through space or habitat use (e.g. migrating, foraging, reproduction)

Responses that are not conventionally associated with movement (e.g. hormonal responses)

Behavioural responses that do not include movement through space (e.g. preening)

Study design

BA, CI, BACI, RCT, time-series, post hoc surveys, or description/anecdote (e.g. documentation of mass mortality event)