The effectiveness of spawning habitat creation or enhancement for substrate-spawning temperate fish: a systematic review

Table 3 Intervention types assessed in this review along with definitions and codes

Intervention type	Code	Definition	Intervention category	Definition
Sediment	SED	Sediment addition	Rock material	Aggregate/rock (additions/alterations)
Gravel	GRAV	Gravel Addition
Cobble	ROCK	Addition of cobble, boulders, small rocks, artificial reefs made of rocks
Sediment trap	TRAP	Removal of sediment using a sediment trap
Gravel washing	WASH	Gravel washing using pressure washers, or mixing substrate and allowing fine sediment to wash downstream, includes substratum raking, flooding to clean sediment
Excavate	EXCAV	Excavation	Waterbody modification	Waterbody modifications (physical alterations)
Riparian	RIP	Riparian modifications, grading of banks
Nutrient	NUTR	Addition of a nutrient
Bay	BAY	Creation of bays	Waterbody creation	Creation of a new waterbody or extension of an existing waterbody
Stream	STREAM	Artificial stream, creek, spawning channels	Waterbody creation
Structure	STRUC	Human-made structure (e.g., mesh tubes, PVC, masonry blocks, ceramic tiles)	Human-made structures	Human-made structures (additions)
Log	LOG	Addition of logs, large woody debris	Plant material	Plant material
Brush	BRUSH	Addition of brush bundles/straw bails
Vegetation	VEG	Planting of vegetation including macrophytes

Intervention types were assigned based on intervention details provided by authors. Intervention categories were assigned to combinations of one or more similar intervention types (i.e., Intervention type) and used in the Narrative and Quantitative Syntheses (i.e., to increase sample sizes of intervention type categories for meta-analyses). Intervention codes were used in forest plots for meta-analyses (i.e., visualize aids that plot mean effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals from individual comparisons)