Study design | Treatment and control areas | Randomisation of treatment allocation | Risk of selection bias |
---|---|---|---|
BA | Treatment and control in same area | N/A | Low |
CI | Independent groups (spatially independent replicated controls and exposure areas) | Yes | Probably low/probably high |
No | High/probably high | ||
Unclear | Unclear | ||
Matched pairs (one control and one exposure area in each replicate) | Yes, within pairs | Low | |
No | Probably high | ||
Unclear | Unclear | ||
BACI | Independent groups or matched pairs | Yes or No | Low/probably low |