Table 1 Mapping 10 themes taken from the final EFFI report to NBS actions

Land and marine use

Reduced impact of natural disasters e.g. increased flood regulation via restored/created/increased lakes or wetlands in river‐basins, in coastal systems to protect against tidal storms and sea level rises. Create, enlarge, connect and improve green and blue infrastructure to enhance ecosystem services

Climate change

Carbon sequestration in vegetation and soil to enhance climate resilience

Economics of resource use

Natural capital accounting. Net additional jobs in the green sector fuelled by new green investments

Soils

Enhanced soil diversity, quality and health

Biodiversity

Greater ecological connectivity, rewilding resulting in reduced spread of pests and alien species

Environmental policy

Synergies and trade‐offs within and across policy sectors when implementing NBS actions

Human health

Wide range of co‐benefits from green infrastructure including microclimate regulation through shading, improved air quality through enhanced deposition, mitigation of chemical pollution especially in aquatic systems, habitat and food provision for biodiversity and associated cultural services, noise shielding, and recreation, reduction in chronic stress and stress‐related diseases. Potential co-harms from wildlife and vector bore infection diseases

Technology

Equipment to monitor environmental impact of actions. Biomimicry and industrial design

Circular economy

Using nature to save energy, conserve water, reduce infrastructure costs, boost important biodiversity, and increase the health and wellbeing of citizens, enhance use and recycling of waste

International focus

Improved natural resource use across international boundaries, improved transboundary relationships