Table 9 Study scale and designs used to assess the effectiveness of ecotechnologies in the evidence base
Lab, small scale | Field, medium scale | Lab, medium scale | Modelling study | Field, large scale | Field, small scale | Laboratory and field, medium scale | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Vermi)composting | 9 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 4 | ||
Algal turf scrubber | 1 | ||||||
Ammonia stripping | 1 | ||||||
Anaerobic digestion | 13 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
Aquaponics | 1 | 1 | |||||
Bioreactors | 4 | ||||||
Combination | 13 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Constructed wetlands | 1 | 1 | |||||
Cover crops | 9 | ||||||
Crop management | 1 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ||
Electrocoagulation | 1 | ||||||
Gasification | 1 | ||||||
Industry systems | 3 | 2 | |||||
Manure treatment/management | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||
Membrane filtration | 6 | 3 | |||||
Microalgae cultivation | 3 | ||||||
Microbial fuel cells | 1 | 1 | |||||
Nanoparticles to control P leaching | 1 | ||||||
Nutrient biofilters | 1 | ||||||
P removal from drainage ditches | 1 | ||||||
Pyrolysis | 4 | 1 | |||||
Scrubber for NH4 recovery | 1 | 1 | |||||
Soil amendments | 13 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Source separation | 1 | ||||||
Struvite precipitation | 13 | 2 | |||||
Number of studies | 88 | 34 | 22 | 12 | 11 | 6 | 4 |