Table 1 Study eligibility criteria

Population: Pronghorn, elk, mule deer, moose, bighorn sheep, white-tailed deer, American bison, mountain goat, Dall sheep, muskox, caribou, collared peccaries, white-lipped peccaries, brown brocket deer, and red brocket deer in North America

Articles on any wild population of native ungulates in North America

1) Articles on populations of ungulates located outside of North America (e.g. moose in northern Europe)

2) Articles on domestic or non-native populations of ungulates

Exposure:

1. Direct climate variables (temperature, precipitation) and their derivatives

2. Secondary variables (plant phenology, wildfire, invasive species, disease, predation)

1) Articles on the effects of temporal changes in direct climate variables on ungulates in North America

2) Articles on the effects of temporal changes in secondary variables on ungulates, if the changes in secondary variables are linked to changes in a direct climate variable

1) Articles that describe space-for-time time comparisons and do not describe a temporal change in variables

2) Articles exploring the effects of changes in secondary variables on ungulates, but do not link those changes in secondary variables to changes in a direct climate variable

Comparator: A comparison of at least two different time points, over which there is a quantified, inferred, or projected change in a direct climate or secondary variable

Articles that use empirical analyses or projections to describe (1) the effects of temporal changes in direct climate variables on ungulates, or (2) the effects of climate-related changes in secondary variables on ungulates

Articles that only use data from a single point in time or those that do not specify the temporal scale of the study

Outcome: Life-history characteristics; population dynamics; migratory behavior; spatial location or quality of migration corridor, winter range, or summer range habitat

Articles that document (1) the effects of changes in direct climate variables or (2) the effects of climate-related changes in secondary variables on any aspect of ungulate life-history characteristics, population dynamics, migration, or range habitats in North America