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Table 1 Ecotechnologies identified as recovering carbon (C), energy (E), phosphorus (P) and/or nitrogen (N) (n = 344). Studies including both recovery and reuse are not presented (n = 22)

From: What evidence exists on ecotechnologies for recycling carbon and nutrients from domestic wastewater? A systematic map

Ecotechnology

C

E

P

N

C & E

P & N

E & P

E & N

C & P

E, P & N

C, P & N

E, C & P

E, C, P & N

Total

Microalgae cultivation

     

24

   

43

   

67

Combination

 

8

7

  

8

4

3

1

21

2

 

3

57

Anaerobic digestion

 

33

        

1

 

2

36

Struvite precipitation

  

1

  

27

       

28

Adsorption

  

14

4

 

3

       

21

Other

2

3

1

2

 

7

    

3

 

1

19

Microbial fuel cell

 

16

 

1

   

1

     

18

Anaerobic bioreactors

 

14

       

1

   

15

Pyrolysis

2

4

  

4

      

2

2

14

Composting

          

10

  

10

P precipitationa

  

9

          

9

Membrane filtration

1

 

1

2

 

5

       

9

Microbial electrolysis cell

 

8

           

8

Vermicomposting

          

7

  

7

Biomass productionb

     

1

   

3

   

4

Incineration

 

3

    

1

      

4

Ammonia stripping

   

4

         

4

Other thermal treatment

 

2

        

1

  

3

Hydrothermal carbonization

1

     

1

  

1

   

3

Electrodialysis

  

2

          

2

Torrefaction

 

2

           

2

Leaching

  

2

          

2

Hydrothermal liquefaction

 

1

           

1

Macroalgae cultivation

     

1

       

1

Total

6

94

37

13

4

76

6

4

1

69

24

2

8

344

  1. aOther than struvite
  2. bDirectly in substrate, other than algae
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Environmental Evidence

ISSN: 2047-2382