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Table 2 Classes of row spacing, density and total height of trees used for assigning an orchard system

From: What evidence exists on the impact of agricultural practices in fruit orchards on biodiversity? A systematic map

Variable

Low-stem

Middle-stem

High-stem

Spacing, in-row × alley (m)

< 3 × 4

3 × 6 to 4 × 6

≥ 6 × 6

Density (trees per ha)

> 520

320–520

< 320

Height (m)

< 3

3–5

> 5