From: What evidence exists on the impact of agricultural practices in fruit orchards on biodiversity? A systematic map
Variable
Low-stem
Middle-stem
High-stem
Spacing, in-row × alley (m)
< 3 × 4
3 × 6 to 4 × 6
≥ 6 × 6
Density (trees per ha)
> 520
320–520
< 320
Height (m)
< 3
3–5
> 5