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Table 5 Comparing contents of long-term studies

From: What evidence exists on the impact of agricultural practices in fruit orchards on biodiversity? A systematic map

Publication number

976

295

3036

3626

978

3379

Duration in years

19

10

43

10

16

35

Study validity (%)

37.1

71.78

69.35

66.13

59.68

77.42

Continent

Europe

Europe

Europe

Europe

North America

Europe

Nation, state

Ukraine

Denmark

Germany

France

USA, West Virginia

Italy

Region

East

Several

Baden-Württemberg

Bourgogne-Franche-Comté

Jefferson County

Apulia

Study design

On farm

Monitoring

Monitoring

Monitoring

Experimental

Experimental

Number of sites

Area

Area

Area

Area

One site and region

One site and region

Number of samplings per year

Not_stated

NA

1

Not_stated

2

2

Statistical evaluation

–

Yes

Yes

Yes

–

Yes

Species list

–

1.1_birds

–

–

3.0_flora

–

Treatment plan what and when

–

–

–

–

–

Herbicide per month

Population: description level of ISG

DL2: butterflies, other mammals, slugs/snails

DL4: birds

DL4: birds; DL2: small and other mammals

DL4: bats

DL4: grasses, weeds

DL4: grasses, weeds

Intervention: description level of APO

DL2: disruption, natural enemies, insecticides broad and narrow; surface elements; landscape context

DL4: rodenticide

DL3: herbicide, insecticide broad, surface elements, landscape context

DL4: bare ground; landscape context; DL3: hedges

DL4: herbicide; tillage

DL4: herbicide; tillage; greencover; mowing

Comparator I (theme)

Management system

Risk assessment

Life traits

Habitat (needs and types)

Pest management

Pest management

Comparator II (grouped)

Whole system

Various pesticides

Various pesticides, semi-natural habitat

Semi-natural habitat, orchard managed, other habitat

Herbicide bare ground

Herbicide bare ground greening

Comparator III (system)

Organic vs. conventional

–

–

–

–

–

Comparator IV (sampling type)

Not_stated

Monitoring

Monitoring

Monitoring

Monitoring

Monitoring

Outcome I (measures)

Practice

Impacts: lethality/disturbance

Impacts: life traits

Differences in dispersal

Differences in diversity and abundance

Differences in diversity and abundance

Outcome II (biodiversity-aspects)

Conservation

Conservation

Conservation

Habitat suitability

Conservation

Conservation

Production

Apple, plum (and berries)

Agriculture in general

Fruits and nuts in general

Fruits and nuts in general

Fruits and nuts in general

Almond

Orchard system

Unclear

Valid

Unclear

Unclear

Probably low-stem

High-stem

  1. Display (i) of lacking metadata (bolditalic and ‘–‘) in the respective studies and (ii) of similarities (in italic) and differences between study pairs on similar populations (No. 295-3036 and No. 978-3379)