Indicators | Definition | Sub-indicators | Elements |
---|---|---|---|
Tropical agricultural production base | Compulsory necessity for agricultural production, both abiotic and biotic factors | Edaphic and climatic factor | Water availability, soil type or texture, soil nutrient, soil organic matter, hot and humid environment, and precipitation |
Genetic resources | Ecologically suitable seeds, quality of seeds, and crop life cycle | ||
Management of agroecosystem | Either on-farm activities or intervention to manage biotic and abiotic factors in the agroecosystems | Habitat conversion to agricultural land | Primary tropical forest, and old-farmed or disturbed land |
Farm management practices | Soil management (soil tillage, sowing, and fertilizer amendment), pest management (pest predator, insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide), water management (irrigation, rainfed, and retention basin) | ||
Farming system | Monoculture and polyculture | ||
Farming scale | Small scale (smallholder agriculture, garden, subsistence farming) and large scale (industrial agriculture) | ||
Species influencing agricultural production | A range of organisms that interact directly with agricultural production | Aboveground biodiversity | Plants (including invasive species), animals, fungi, and microorganisms that contribute to ecosystem services and disservices |
Soil biodiversity | Fungi, microorganisms, and invertebrates that contribute to ecosystem services and disservices | ||
Wild species interactions in the agroecosystem | A range of organisms from surrounding ecosystems that utilize agroecosystem for multiple purposes | Human and wildlife interaction | Human and wildlife conflict, and illegal hunting |
Chemical exposure in agroecosystems | Contamination, and eutrophication | ||
Habitat change | Habitat fragmentation | ||
Spatial and temporal use of wildlife in the agroecosystem | Nesting, migration, breeding, foraging, and passing by | ||
Wild species and ecosystem functions in natural terrestrial ecosystems | A range of organisms in natural habitats and ecosystems functions around agricultural production areas affected by agricultural activities | Biodiversity | Forest animals, forest mammals, mammals (arboreal primates, big cats, raptors, insectivores, frugivores, and other groups of mammals), and birds (canopy bird, etc.) |
 |  | Ecosystem functions | Microclimate, hydrological pattern |