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Table 1 The five direct anthropogenic drivers of ecosystem changes, according to the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

From: Identifying and addressing the anthropogenic drivers of global change in the North Sea: a systematic map protocol

Direct anthropogenic drivers

Type of effects

Climate change

Seawater warming, acidification, deoxygenation

Direct exploitation

Overfishing, habitat degradation

Pollution

Eutrophication, chemical pollutants

Biological invasions

Non-native species introduction

Sea-use change

Habitat degradation/loss