Table 1 Eligibility Criteria used to screen articles for inclusion in the systematic map

Population

Any bird species, including domesticated species

Exposure/Intervention

Anthropogenic light sources, including, but not limited to, point sources of light, illuminated habitat, skyglow, and gas flares

Reflected daylight (e.g. mylar tape reflectors, windows)

Filters on natural daylight

Comparator

Same site under different lighting conditions

Nearby site at the same time of day with similar habitat type, anthropogenic activity, migration density (if applicable) and weather as the treatment site

Documentation of aggregation, mass landing, mortality, foraging, or other relevant outcomes near artificial light sources without comparator were included in the map and coded as “No Control”

Laboratory experiments that use only one intensity or spectral composition of light within the “light” or “dark” portions of the light cycle

Laboratory experiments that use an artificial photoperiod but do not vary the photoperiod

Outcome

Bird density or presence/absence, including (but not limited to) radar observations, visual counts and vocalization counts

Bird mortality

Resource consumption (such as crop damage or aquaculture predation)

Behavioural outcomes directly involving movement through space, including (but not limited to) flight path, flight initiation, diving and flushing

Behavioural response (flushing or immobilization) to spotlights used for capturing birds

Behaviours known to precede movement: orientation, overt reaction distance, alert response (e.g. moving head laterally or vertical, crouching)

Documentation of birds foraging under artificial lights

Habitat use metrics at foraging sites such as feeders (e.g. arrival/departure times, feeder visit rates)

Responses that are not conventionally associated with movement (e.g. hormonal responses)

Behavioural responses that do not include or directly precede movement through space (e.g. preening, dust-bathing, sleep behaviour, vocalizing)

General locomotor activity (e.g. perch-hopping or time spent walking)

Temporal changes in daily or annual activity rhythms (e.g. entering/leaving nest box, migration)

Changes to timing of activities in laboratory experiments (e.g. feeding, drinking)

Total feed consumption in laboratory experiments

Trained responses (e.g. trained to perform a task when a light is on)

Ability to see specific wavelengths (e.g. mate choice or ability to distinguish objects under varying light conditions)

Changes to timing in chick provisioning in field studies