Table 2 Filters applied for each secondary question and quantity of evidence identified

Population Filters

Bird activity during intervention/exposure = flying

Bird activity during intervention/exposure = flying

Bird activity during intervention/exposure ≠ flying

Exposure/ Intervention Filters

Deterrent type = Laser, Spotlight or Beam, Flashing light, UV or near-UV light, Line markers, or Pyrotechnic

Continuous/Flashing = Continuous

AND

Deterrent Type ≠ Laser

Comparator Filters

Control design ≠ No Control

Outcome Filters

Outcome category = Distribution

OR

Outcome subcategory = flight path characteristics

Outcome subcategory = Orientation behaviour

Outcome subcategory = preferences

OR

Outcome = Change in flight direction relative to a light source, Capture of birds in flight, Modeled flight behaviour based on observations of birds in flight, Distance of flight path from light source, or flight altitude

Outcome category = Distribution

OR

Outcome subcategory = Approach or Flee Response or Alert behaviour

OR

Outcome = Change in flight direction relative to a light source, Capture of birds in flight, Modeled flight behaviour based on observations of birds in flight, Distance of flight path from light source, or flight altitude

Outcome subcategory = Preferences, Bird counts, Bird Locations, or Presence of foraging birds

Number of relevant studies

219

38

26

228

88