Table 9 Counts of Outcomes, Outcome subcategories, and Outcome Categories
From: Effects of artificial light on bird movement and distribution: a systematic map
Outcome category (count) | Outcome subcategory (count) | Outcome | Study count |
|---|---|---|---|
Behaviour (229) | Alert behaviour (9) | Other alert response | 6 |
Overt reaction distance | 2 | ||
Alert reaction time | 1 | ||
Approach or flee response (67) | Flying | 31 | |
Capture of birds on the ground or water | 28 | ||
Flush (unspecified) | 23 | ||
Immobilization | 16 | ||
Diving | 12 | ||
Running or walking | 10 | ||
Unspecified | 8 | ||
Distance moved | 5 | ||
Other flee response | 3 | ||
Swimming | 3 | ||
Head movement | 2 | ||
Flight path characteristics (123) | Circling, hovering, or other description of "attraction" | 77 | |
Observations of bird collisions | 50 | ||
Altitude | 19 | ||
Direction | 13 | ||
Linear/non-linear flight path | 12 | ||
Velocity | 7 | ||
Change in flight direction relative to light source | 5 | ||
Capture of birds in flight | 4 | ||
Distance of flight path from light source | 2 | ||
Distance travelled | 2 | ||
Modeled flight behaviour based on observations of bird locations or distributions | 2 | ||
Other flight behaviour | 2 | ||
Orientation behaviour (40) | Ability to orient in migratory direction | 32 | |
Ability to locate reward | 3 | ||
Other orientation behaviour | 3 | ||
Homing | 2 | ||
Community (5) | Composition (3) | Abundance of species grouped by type | 2 |
Stability | 1 | ||
Diversity (5) | Species richness | 5 | |
Beta diversity | 1 | ||
Evolutionary distinctiveness | 1 | ||
Functional diversity | 1 | ||
Distribution (372) | Bird counts (140) | Abundance or density | 101 |
Presence/absence | 40 | ||
Bird locations (26) | Locations of individual birds | 12 | |
Locations of nests | 5 | ||
Locations of roosts or groups of birds | 3 | ||
Light exposure of tracked individuals | 3 | ||
Mean or median light exposure of a species | 2 | ||
Proximity of dead or injured birds to artificial light sources | 1 | ||
Mortality (150) | Counts or presence of dead or injured birds | 134 | |
Locations of dead or injured birds | 10 | ||
Absence of bird deaths or injuries | 5 | ||
Seabird bycatch | 5 | ||
Type of mortality observation UA | 5 | ||
Preferences (61) | Free choice (time spent in each lighting option) | 46 | |
Discrete choice (instantaneous choice among lighting options) | 15 | ||
Presence of foraging birds (56) | Multiple individuals foraging under artificial lights | 38 | |
One individual foraging under artificial lights | 12 | ||
Amount of food consumed | 4 | ||
Number of foraging events (individuals not distinguished) | 3 | ||
Arrival or departure time of foraging birds | 2 |