Table 2 Eligibility criteria

Types of study

Any primary study with a comparator, including observational and manipulative

Simulation studies, review papers, and policy discussions

Studies which are in the English language. Note: majority of conservation papers from previous systematic map related to SEA regions are in English, hence the language of choice

Studies which are in languages other than English

Population

Populations in the villages/urban areas within the coastline (any community classified as coastal by the authors of each study) in the SEA region. SEA is composed of 11 countries: Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam

Populations outside of the coastline in the Southeast Asia region

Interventions

Studies that reported about marine sites that are either being managed formally by the ‘national and local government’ or ‘non-governmental organisations’ or ‘people’s organisations’ in the Southeast Asia region, for environmental conservation

Studies without any intervention related to marine sites

Outcome measures

Poverty status in terms of economic or/and material living standards. We followed the definition according to the systematic map (Garside and Eales 2020 in press):

Studies that did not report poverty status in terms of the economic and material living status

Economic living standards include measures of income, employment, employment opportunities, wealth/poverty, savings, payments, and loans

Material living standards include measures of access to and availability of food, fibre, fuel and basic infrastructure (electricity, water, telecommunications, and transportation); provision of shelter; and assets owned (e.g., television)

Comparison

Any comparator which falls under one of the followings:

No comparator

(i) A different site with no marine protection

(ii) The same site, before the marine protection was implemented

(iii) A different site, with another marine protection implementation