Fig. 2

Graphical summary of threshold synthesis and meta-analysis endpoints: detection of adverse effects that identifies exposure thresholds to (A) sediment concentration and (B) sediment concentration and duration, jointly; and analysis of continuous data that (C) characterizes the relationship between exposure and the magnitude of an adverse effect (where zero is no adverse effect with respect to control). The red, dashed line in A represents the LOAEL and in C represents the dose–response threshold, where the confidence interval (in gray) no longer overlaps with zero. The red, rectangular area in B is bounded by the LOAELs for concentration and duration, thereby representing the exposure conditions under which adverse effects have been observed in studies from our review