Table 5 Classification of ecosystem services outcomes in broad and specific categories. Specific categories divide each broad category into main types of output or process [59]
Broad Category | Specific category | Examples |
|---|---|---|
Provisioning | Energy | Biomass-based energy sources (plant and animal) |
Mechanical energy (animal-based) | ||
Materials | Biomass (e.g., Fiber and other materials from plants, and animals for direct use or processing) | |
Water (Surface or ground water for non-drinking purposes) | ||
Nutrition | Biomass (e.g., cultivated crops, reared animals and their outputs, wild plants and animals and their outputs, etc.) | |
Water (e.g., surface or groundwater for drinking) | ||
Regulation & Maintenance | Mediation of waste, toxics, and other nuisances | Filtration/sequestration/storage/accumulation/ Mediation of smell/noise/visual impacts |
Weed and pest control | ||
Mediation of flows | Mass stabilization and control of erosion rates | |
Hydrological cycle and water flow maintenance | ||
Flood & storm protection | ||
Ventilation and transpiration | ||
Maintenance of physical, chemical, biological conditions | Lifecycle maintenance, habitat, and gene pool protection (Pollination and seed dispersal, maintaining nursery populations and habitats) | |
Biodiversity | ||
Pest and disease control | ||
Soil formation and composition | ||
Water conditions | ||
Atmospheric composition and climate regulation | ||
Cultural | Physical and intellectual interactions with environmental settings | Physical and experiential interactions (use of plants and animals) |
Intellectual and representative interactions (scientific, education, heritage/cultural, aesthetic, etc.) | ||
Spiritual, symbolic, and other interactions with environmental settings | Spiritual and/or emblematic (symbolic, sacred, and religious use of plants and animals) | |
Other cultural outputs (existence, bequest of plants and animals) |