Fig. 13

Meta-analyses on taxonomic subgroups and species for untreated Bt and non-Bt maize. Records with any red flag in the critical appraisal were excluded. All Bt proteins were included. For each taxon, the effect size estimate and the 95% confidence interval is given (negative effect sizes indicate lower populations in Bt compared with non-Bt maize and vice versa). Significant intervals (red) do not include 0. On the right side is the number of records (rec.), experiments (exp.), and articles (art.) included in each analysis. Results of moderator analyses with target order of Bt proteins (Additional file 7: Table S7.10) are indicated: ↓ lower values in Bt compared with non-Bt treatment (negative effect size), 0: no effect (Lep = Lepidoptera-active, Col = Coleoptera-active, C&L = stacked Lepidoptera- and Coleoptera-active)