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Table 1 Meta-regression effects of plot size and number of years with Bt maize cultivation on differences between Bt and non-Bt maize on functional group level

From: Does the growing of Bt maize change abundance or ecological function of non-target animals compared to the growing of non-GM maize? A systematic review

Functional group

Records

Experiments

Articles

Intercept

Slope

Plot size

 Decomposers

139

73

31

0.46 ± 0.062 (0.34; 0.58)

0.010 ± 0.022 (− 0.032; 0.053)

 Herbivores

490

128

46

0.52 ± 0.033 (0.45; 0.58)

− 0.011 ± 0.019 (− 0.047; 0.025)

 Parasitoids

131

82

33

0.57 ± 0.065 (0.44; 0.70)

− 0.013 ± 0.029 (− 0.069; 0.043)

 Predators

1056

181

77

0.49 ± 0.022 (0.44; 0.53)

0.005 ± 0.014 (− 0.022; 0.032)

Years Bt maize

 Decomposers

94

45

27

0.47 ± 0.094 (0.28; 0.65)

− 0.020 ± 0.081 (− 0.179; 0.139)

 Herbivores

329

91

37

0.46 ± 0.047 (0.37; 0.55)

0.027 ± 0.043 (− 0.058; 0.111)

 Parasitoids

84

58

28

0.49 ± 0.092 (0.31; 0.67)

− 0.055 ± 0.087 (− 0.225; 0.115)

 Predators

663

119

65

0.47 ± 0.033 (0.41; 0.53)

0.006 ± 0.034 (− 0.060; 0.072)

  1. Records with any red flag in the critical appraisal were excluded. For effect sizes, the absolute values were used. Omnivores were not analysed because only 9 records were available for this group