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Table 4 Classification of interventions

From: Strategies for managing spring frost risks in orchards: effectiveness and conditionality—a systematic review

Class

Count

Included interventions

Water

17

Automated sprinklers; micro sprinklers; micro sprayers; evaporative cooling; overtree sprinkler; undertree sprinkler; flippers

Wind

11

Portable wind machines; basic and fuzzy controlled wind machines, sis; upward wind machines; double fans and single fans on towers

Covering (field)

5

Nettings; tunnels with/without openings

Heating

12

Heating cables; heating quilts; spot-scheu; gas heating systems, frostbuster; frostguard; oil heaters; candles

Cultivation practice

8

Early, mid, late pruning; pruning frozen branches; raking; removing cover crops; fumigation (heat and smoke); windbreaks; coal dust on bare strips; interplanting pecan or pine trees; herbicides

Foliar applications

43

Amigo oil (soybean); GA 4 + 7; GA3; GIBB plus; N-Propyl Dihydrojasmonate (PDJ); Promalin; Azolon; ascorbic Acid (vitamin C); Naphthaleneacetic Acid; NPK; Alpha Tocopherol (Vitamin E); Frostgard; Peat Extract; Etephon; Urea Spray; Paclobutrazol; Teric Acid; Dormex; Regalis; Semperfresh; Protone; Frostshield; Methyl Jasmonate; Salicylic Acid; Systhane; Amid-Thin

Combined approaches

5

Heated tunnels; sprinklers under screens; hot water underneath wind machines; sprinkling hot water

Covering (buds)

3

Cellulose nanocrystals; cotton candy with straw; polyethylene bags; sawdust