Table 8 Counts and percentages of unique articles by Outcome—level 2 category

Species or biological

81.31%

 Abundance, density, or % cover

66.09%

 Size/growth, or age

20.53%

 Biomass

20.22%

 Range or distribution or larval dispersal/connectivity

14.50%

 Behaviour (reproductive, avoidance, migration, use)

9.40%

 Fecundity, Reproductive output (incl. fertility, hatchling success), egg/sperm quality, or recruitment

4.70%

 Survival/mortality

3.58%

 Condition, health, or injury

2.76%

 Sex ratio

1.94%

 Genetic (allele frequency, connectivity, genotype/phenotpy, genetic variation)

0.92%

Ecological or community

48.21%

 Diversity (H, J, Δ, richness, genetic)

38.41%

 Community composition or structure

33.20%

 Trophic structure

4.90%

 Species interaction

0.72%

Physical or Chemical

12.87%

Biochemistry (Chl-a, nutrients, metals…)

6.33%

 Sediment type or grain size

4.80%

 Hydrodynamics

2.76%

 Sedimentation

2.66%

 Temperature, light, salinity, dissolved oxygen…

1.94%

 Abundance or biomass of plastics or particles

0.10%

Functional

8.17%

 Predation, Herbivory, or Diet composition

5.92%

 Productivity

2.35%

 Biological Trait Analysis

0.10%

Habitat

7.46

 Habitat quantity, quality or extant (artificial)

4.60%

 Habitat quantity, quality or extant (natural)

3.580%

Social or cultural

6.84%

 Other attitude, perception, or value metrics

5.01%

 Frequency, duration or rates of visits (e.g. recreation or tourism)

1.63%

 Injury, fatality, or other human harm

0.20%

 Preferences (e.g. using photos, geo-tagged photos, or social media data)

0.10%

Economic

4.39%

 Financial gain or loss (individuals or organisations)

2.66%

 Willingness to pay, travel time–cost estimate, or other related metrics

1.63%

 Incident/accident

0.20%

 Material or equipment loss (e.g. vessel, gear…)

0.10%

Grand Total (level 2)*