Table 9 Counts and percentages of articles by Study design
Study design level 1- level 2 | Count of unique articles | Percentage of unique articles within level 1 | Percentage of total unique articles* |
|---|---|---|---|
Empirical or observational study | 832 | 84.98% | |
Control-impact, reference site or site comparison | 423 | 50.84% | 43.21% |
No comparator | 247 | 29.69% | 25.23% |
After only study (multiple time points/succession) | 146 | 17.55% | 14.91% |
Before-after study | 38 | 4.57% | 3.88% |
Before-after-control-impact study | 29 | 3.49% | 2.96% |
Correlative only (no direct effects) | 15 | 1.80% | 1.53% |
Modelling study | 88 | 8.99% | |
Scenarios comparisons | 32 | 36.36% | 3.27% |
No comparator | 26 | 29.55% | 2.66% |
Correlative only (no direct effects) | 13 | 14.77% | 1.33% |
Control-impact, reference site or site comparison | 8 | 9.09% | 0.82% |
Before-after study | 5 | 5.68% | 0.51% |
After only study (multiple time points/succession) | 4 | 4.55% | 0.41% |
Bayesian networks (Belief networks) | 2 | 2.27% | 0.20% |
Before-after-control-impact study | 2 | 2.27% | 0.20% |
Qualitative or quantitative social study | 68 | 6.95% | |
Survey/questionnaire | 44 | 64.71% | 4.49% |
Interviews | 18 | 26.47% | 1.84% |
Participatory mapping | 2 | 2.94% | 0.20% |
Social media/web scraping | 1 | 1.47% | 0.10% |
Frequency, duration, or rates of visits | 1 | 1.47% | 0.10% |
Focus group/workshop/deliberative | 1 | 1.47% | 0.10% |
Other attitude, perception, or value metrics | 1 | 1.47% | 0.10% |
Systematic review and meta-analysis | 5 | 0.51% | |
Control-impact, reference site or site comparison | 4 | 80.00% | 0.41% |
Before-after-control-impact study | 1 | 20.00% | 0.10% |
Meta-analysis only | 3 | 0.31% | |
After only study (multiple time points/succession) | 1 | 33.33% | 0.10% |
Scenarios comparisons | 1 | 33.33% | 0.10% |
Control-impact, reference site or site comparison | 1 | 33.33% | 0.10% |
Grand Total (level 2)* | 1,066 |