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Table 1 Explanation and description of population, intervention, comparator, and outcome (PICO) framework

From: What evidence exists for the use of urban forest management in nature-based carbon solutions and bird conservation. A systematic map protocol

PICO

Definition

Description

Population 1

Population 2

Populations of subject(s) which are relevant to the review question.

1: Bird species and species at risk within urban areas

2: The urban forest, which consists of all trees, woody species in parks, streetscapes, private land, vacant lots, or other urban green spaces.

Intervention

Variables which impact the populations or to which the populations are exposed

Conservation, management, implementation, recommendations, or intervention strategies that promote species (avian, forest, at risk) success in the urban landscape

Comparator

What the intervention is compared to.

The absence of intervention between sites and/or across time or comparison. No studies will be excluded based on the presence or absence of a comparator.

Outcome

Consequences of the intervention. All relevant variables that can be reliably measured or synthesized.

1: Measure of change in biological outcomes at three levels: (1) population (trends and patterns), (2) community (species richness, diversity) and (3) individual (abundance, fecundity, survival/mortality).

2: Measure of change in carbon storage or sequestration. Improved mitigation of climate change impacts due to urban forest management interventions and tree planting decisions.