Fig. 1

Figure adapted from our published protocol [19]. Inter-generational effects occur in the F1 and F2 descendants through the matriline of mammals as the F2 germline within the F1 embryo is exposed to environmental influences during F0 pregnancy. Inter-generational effects also occur in the F1 if the impacts of the environmental exposure (e.g., through epigenetic modifications) are passed through the patriline of any taxonomic group or the matriline of taxonomic groups other than mammals (where inter-generational effects also occur in the F2). Trans-generational effects occur in the F3 and further if non-genetic effects are conferred through the matriline in mammals and the F2 and further if the non-genetic effect is conferred through the patriline or through the matriline of non-mammals. Note that Fig. 1 is only used to provide a general overview and does not show all the taxonomic groups in which non-genetic inheritance can occur