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Table 8 Toxicity thresholds (TTs) contextualisation

From: What are the toxicity thresholds of chemical pollutants for tropical reef-building corals? A systematic review

Chemical (CAS number) [index TT] [ref.]

Risk of bias

Outcome

T°C and pH

TT nom. [c] (µg/L)

TT eff. [c] (µg/L)

TT duration (h)

Ref. value (µg/L)

Source reference value

 

Metal

 Al (7446–70-0)

[TT 129] [58]

L

Fert

High T°

1000

996

3.5

No valid PNEC derived

ECHA (PNEC marine water)

 

 Cd (7440–43-9)

[TT 134] [59]

U

Fert

Normal

2000

-

5.5

0.2

INERIS (AA-QS marine eco)

 

 Cu (7440–50-8)

[TT 150] [60]

U

Fert

Normal

0.65

-

4

0.8

INERIS (AA-QS marine eco)

*

 Fe (10421–48-4)

[TT 165] [61]

L

Fert

Normal

-

2500

5.5

2.4

ECHA (PNEC freshwater /10)

 

 Ga (13450–90-3)

[TT 168] [58]

L

Fert

High T°

1000

1120

3.5

Unknown

  

 Mn (7773–01-5)

[TT 172] [62]

L

Fert

Normal

60,000

54,200

5.5

0.4

ECHA (PNEC marine water)

 

 Ni (7440–02-0)

[TT 174] [63]

L

Fert

Normal

1000

1014

5.5

8.6

INERIS (AA-QS marine eco)

 

 Pb (7439–92-1)

[TT 176] [59]

L

Fert

Normal

-

90

5.5

1.3

INERIS (AA-QS marine eco)

 

 V (7718–98-1)

[TT 632] [58]

L

Settl

High T°

100

173

3.5

2.5

ECHA (PNEC marine water value for Vanadium CAS 7440–62-2)

 

Hydrocarbon

 1-methylnaphthalene (90–12-0)

[TT 386] [64]

L

Photo

Normal

2000

1614

48

0.12

NORMAN (PNEC marine water)

 

 Anthracene (120–12-7)

[TT 272] [65]

L

Mort

Normal

9.4

5.914

48

0.1

INERIS (AA-QS marine eco)

 

 Benzene (71–43-2)

[TT 549] [45]

L

Settl

Normal

–

34,237.94

24

8

INERIS (AA-QS marine eco)

 

 Naphtalene (91–20-3)

[TT 609] [45]

L

Settl

Normal

–

1875

24

2

INERIS (AA-QS marine eco)

 

 P-xylene (106–42-3)

[TT 611] [45]

L

Settl

Normal

–

2406.25

24

4.4

ECHA (PNEC freshwater /10)

 

 Phenanthrene (85–01-8)

[TT 616] [65]

L

Settl

Normal

112.5

–

48

1.3

NORMAN (PNEC marine water)

 

 Toluene (108–88-3)

[TT 630] [45]

L

Settl

Normal

–

7500

24

7.4–680

ECHA (PNEC marine water)

 

Pesticide

 Carbaryl (63–25-2)

[TT 557] [66]

U

Settl

Normal

1

-

18

0.023

NORMAN (PNEC freshwater /10)

 

 Chlorothalonil (1897–45-6)

[TT 558] [67]

L

Settl

Normal

4.1

2.03

96

0.004

ECHA (PNEC marine water)

 

 Chlorpyrifos (2921–88-2)

[TT 560] [66]

U

Settl

Normal

1

–

18

0.033

INERIS (AA-QS marine eco)

 

 Chlorpyrifos oxon (5598–15-2)

[TT 559] [66]

U

Settl

Normal

0.1

–

18

0.0048

NORMAN (PNEC freshwater /10)

 

 Cyanide (151–50-8, 143–33-9)

[TT 40] [68]

U

Bleach

Normal

65

–

3

0.2

ECHA (PNEC marine water)

 

 Diazinon (333–41-5)

[TT 581] [67]

L

Settl

Normal

37

23.6

96

0.001

NORMAN (PNEC freshwater /10)

 

 Diuron (330–54-1)

[TT 453] [69]

U

Photo

Normal

0.1

-

96

0.2

INERIS (AA-QS marine eco)

*

 Endosulfan (115–29-7)

[TT 591] [66]

U

Settl

Normal

0.3

-

18

0.0005

INERIS (AA-QS marine eco)

 

 Fipronil (120068–37-3)

[TT 594] [67]

L

Settl

Normal

12.3

13.72

96

0.00007

NORMAN (PNEC freshwater /10)

 

 Imidacloprid (138261–41-3)

[TT 604] [67]

L

Settl

Normal

111

105.2

96

0.00056

ECHA (PNEC freshwater /10)

 

 Irgarol 1051 (28159–98-0)

[TT 606] [70]

U

Settl

Normal

0.001

–

96

0.0025

INERIS (AA-QS marine eco)

*

 MEMC (123–88-6)

[TT 169] [66]

U

Fert

Normal

1

–

3

Unknown

  

 Permethrin (52645–53-1)

[TT 612] [66]

U

Settl

Normal

0.3

–

18

0.00002

NORMAN (PNEC freshwater /10)

 

 Profenofos (41198–08-7)

[TT 620] [66]

U

Settl

Normal

0.1

–

18

0.0004

ECHA (PNEC freshwater /10)

 

 Propiconazole (60207–90-1)

[TT 621] [67]

L

Settl

Normal

333

228.092

96

0.68

ECHA (PNEC marine water)

 

 Tributyltin (688–73-3)

[TT 631] [60]

U

Settl

High T°

0.35

–

24

0.0002

INERIS (AA-QS marine eco)

 

UV filter

 Benzophenone-1 (131–56-6)

[TT 12] [71]

L

Bleach

Low pH

100

45.905

168

3.27

ECHA (PNEC freshwater /10)

 

 Benzophenone-2 (131–55-5)

[TT 278] [72]

U

Mort

Normal

0.615

–

4

Unknown

  

 Benzophenone-3 (131–57-7)

[TT 18] [73]

M

Bleach

Normal

2.28

–

8

0.067

ECHA (PNEC freshwater /10)

 

 Benzophenone-8 (131–53-3)

[TT 556] [71]

L

Settl

Low pH

1

0.65

336

Unknown

  

Detergent

 Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (85536–14-7)

[TT 342] [74]

L

Mort

Normal

750

750

24

26.8

ECHA (PNEC freshwater /10)

 

 Nonylphenol ethoxylate (9016–45-9)

[TT 347] [74]

L

Mort

Normal

1000

1000

24

0.8

ECHA (PNEC freshwater and marine water, value for nonylphenol branched ethoxylated)

 
  1. Chemical name and CAS number, risk of bias (L low , U unclear, or M medium), outcome (Fert fertilisation, Settl settlement, Bleach symbiont density, Photo symbiont photosynthesis and Mort mortality), temperature and pH conditions of the studies used to determine the TT, lowest TT concentration value in µg/L (nominal and effective when measured) and exposure duration in hour, reference value used to contextualise the TT and source of the reference value. The term AA-QS means annual average quality standard. Reference values appear protective for corals for all the chemicals assessed except three that are highlighted with a star. With chemical name within square brackets is the index number given to each set of effect size estimates used to determine the toxicity threshold (see Additional file 5) and references of the corresponding primary research articles
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Environmental Evidence

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