Table 9 Summary table of the findings detailed in the narrative synthesis (except the “Other category”)
Chemical | Exposure | Effect | Species | Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Detergent | ||||
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate [74] | 0.75, 1 and 5 mg/L for 24 h | Decrease in horizontal tissue growth | Stylophora pistillata, Pocillopora damicornis | L |
Nonylphenol ethoxylate [74] | 0.1—5 mg/L for 24 h | [No effect on horizontal tissue growth] | Stylophora pistillata, Pocillopora damicornis | L |
4-nonylphenol [75] | 1 ppb for 42 days | [No effect on release of planula, cholesterol, estrone, estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, and 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450, glutathione-S-transferase, and beta-glucuronidase activity] | Pocillopora damicornis | U |
4-nonylphenol [75] | 1 ppb for 42 days | increase in UDP-Glycosyltransferase activity and decrease in sulfotransferase 1A1 activity | Pocillopora damicornis | U |
Dispersant | ||||
Corexit 9527 [76] | 1 ppm for 24 h | [No effect on polyp retraction] | Pseudodiploria strigosa | L |
Corexit 9527 [78] | 1 ppm for 8 h | [no effect on incorporation of photosynthetic carbon in tissues] | Pseudodiploria strigosa | U |
Corexit 9527 [79] | 1–50 ppm for 8 h | [No effect on the gene expression of the heat shock protein Hsp90] | Orbicella franksi | U |
Corexit 9527 [79] | 10 and 50 ppm for 8 h | increase in the gene expression of P-glycoprotein | Orbicella franksi | U |
Corexit 9527 [79] | 5, 10 and 50 ppm for 8 h | increase in the gene expression of the heat shock protein Hsp70 | Orbicella franksi | U |
Corexit 9500 [77] | 0.05% v/v for 13 days | [No effect on microbiome diversity] | Millepora alcicornis | U |
Corexit 9500 [77] | 0.05% v/v for 13 days | changes in microbiome structure | Millepora alcicornis | U |
Oil-degrading bacteria consortium [77] | 10^6 cells/mL for 13 days | [No effect on microbiome diversity and structure] | Millepora alcicornis | U |
Corexit 9500 and oil-degrading bacteria consortium [77] | 0.05% v/v & 10^6 cells/mL for 13 days | [No effect on microbiome diversity and structure] | Millepora alcicornis | U |
Microplastic | ||||
Artificial clothing fibers, automobile residues or beach microplastics [80] | 10 mg/L for 10 weeks (+ heat stress) | [No effect on tissue bleaching and necrosis] | Pocillopora verrucosa, Stylophora pistillata | L |
Polyethylene [80] | 10 mg/L for 10 weeks (+ heat stress) | [No effect on tissue bleaching and necrosis] | Acropora muricata, Montipora digitata, Pocillopora verrucosa, Porites cylindrica, Stylophora pistillata | L |
Polyethylene [81] | 200 particles/L for 6 months (size 65–410 µm) | [No effect on tissue bleaching and necrosis] | Acropora muricata, Heliopora coerulea, Porites lutea | L |
Polyethylene [81] | 200 particles/L for 6 months (size 65–410 µm) | Increase in bleaching | Pocillopora verrucosa | L |
Polyethylene [82] | 4000 particles/L for 4 weeks (size 37–163 µm) | Increase in bleaching | Acropora millepora | L |
Polyethylene [81] | 200 particles/L for 6 months (size 65–410 µm) | [No effect on symbiont chlorophyll concentration] | Acropora muricata, Heliopora coerulea, Porites lutea, Pocillopora verrucosa | L |
Polyethylene [83] | 5 or 50 particles/L for 28 days (size 106–125 µm) | [No effect on symbiont chlorophyll concentration] | Stylophora pistillata | L |
Polyethylene [84] | 5, 15, 25, 50, 100 or 200 particles/L for 3 h (size 1 or 6 µm) | [No effect on embryo development] | Acropora tenuis | L |
Polyethylene [85] | 30 mg/L for 12 weeks (mix of 3 size classes 212–250 µm, 425–500 µm, 850–1000 µm) | Decrease in tissue growth | Pseudodiploria clivosa, Acropora cervicornis | L |
Polyethylene [83] | 50 particles/L for 28 days (size 106–125 µm) | Increase in non-photochemical quenching and changes in tissue polar metabolite composition | Stylophora pistillata | L |
Polypropylene [84] | 5, 15 or 50 particles/L for 3 h (size 0.5, 1 or 2 mm2) | [No effect on embryo development] | Acropora tenuis | L |
Polystyrene [90] | 1 – 1000 mg/L for 96 h | [No effect on catalase activity and melanin content] | Porites porites | U |
Polystyrene [89] | 50 mg/L for 24 h (size 1 µm) | [No effect on symbiont chlorophyll concentration] | Pocillopora damicornis | U |
Polystyrene [89] | 50 mg/L for 12 h (size 1 µm) | changes in the transcriptome profile | Pocillopora damicornis | U |
Microfibres and polystyrene [120] | 0.1 mg/L for 12 days (size 0.05–1 cm and 500–1000 µm) | [No effect on respiration rates] | Acropora sp., Seriatopora hystrix | U |
300 mg/L for 24 h (size 1–10 µm) or 1, 30 mg/L for 72 h | Metabolic changes | Tubastrea aurea | U | |
50 or 300 mg/L for 12, 24 or 96 h (various sizes) | Metabolic changes | Acropora sp., Tubastraea aurea, Pocillopora damicornis | M, U | |
Nanoparticle | ||||
Silver nanocolloids [91] | 50 µg/L for 10 days | Decrease in primary polyp growth | Acropora japonica | L |
MeO-PEG-b-PMOT [93] | 2 mg/mL for 24 h | Changes in the proteome composition | Acropora tenuis | U |
CdSe/ZnS quantum dots [94] | 0.1 – 50 nM for 12 h | Changes in the transcriptome profile | Stylophora pistillata | U |
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles [92] | 0.1 or 10 mg/L for 17 days | [No effect on the expression of various genes] | Orbicella faveolata | M |
Pharmaceutical | ||||
Estradiol [95] | 2300 ng/L for 21 days | Decrease in the number of egg-sperm bundles | Montipora capitata | L |
Estradiol [95] | 2300 ng/L for 21 days | [No effect on egg surface area, number of eggs per bundle] | Montipora capitata | L |
Estradiol [96] | 0.5 or 5 ng/mL for 5 days | [No effect on the gene expression of vitellogenin] | Acropora tenuis | U |
Estrone [95] | 2 ng/L for 8 weeks | [No effect on tissue protein content] | Porites compressa | U |
Several pharmaceuticals (Hydrogen peroxide, L-5-hydroxytryptophan, Naloxone hydrochloride dihydrate, Serotonin acetate monohydrate) [97] | 0.01 µM – 2 mM for 72 h | [No effect on spawning] | Acropora cervicornis | U |
ε-caprolactone-p-coumaric acid copolymers [98] | one square cm for 10 days | [no effect on branchiness] | Acropora muricata | U |
Verapamil [100] | 0.05 µM for 4 days, 0.2 µM during 2 days then 5 µM during 2 days | Increase in respiration rate | Pocillopora damicornis | U |
Ciprofloxacin and various antibiotics mix [102,103,104,105,106] | Various concentrations and durations | Changes in bacterial community structure, diversity, composition and activity | Acropora cervicornis, Pseudodiploria strigosa, Porites astreoides, Fimbriaphyllia paradivisa, Pocillopora damicornis, Acropora muricata | U |
Antibiotics (ampicillin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, naladixic acid) [105] | between 0.1 mg/mL and 1 mg/L depending on the antibiotic for 12 h every night during five days | [No effect on tissue protein content] | Pocillopora damicornis | U |
Antibiotics (ciprofloxacin) [98] | 0.014% (w/v) in one square cm for 10 days | [No effect on branchiness] | Acropora muricata | U |
Antibiotics (nalidixic acid, ampicillin and streptomycin) [104] | 0.1 mg/mL for 48 h | [No effect on gene expression] | Fimbriaphyllia paradivisa | U |
Amoxicillin [101] | 1.6 g /colonies for 3 days | (*) healing of tissue lesions | Montastraea cavernosa, Orbicella faveolata, Diploria labyrinthiformis, Pseudodiploria strigosa | M |
Verapamil [99] | 100 µmol/L for 2 h | [No effect on the incorporation of aspartic acid] | Stylophora pistillata | M |
Antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin and streptomycin) [107] | 50 µg/mL for 6 days | Decrease in mRNA expression of the yolk protein vitellogenin in cultured ovaries | Fimbriaphyllia ancora | H |
UV filter | ||||
Benzophenone-3 [121] | 1 µg/L for 41 days (+ heat stress) | Changes in the microbiome beta diversity | Stylophora pistillata | L |
Benzophenone-3 [108] | 2 mg/L for 7 days | Changes in metabolomic profile | Pocillopora damicornis | U |
Bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine, diethylhexyl butamido triazone, diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate, ethylhexyl triazone, homosalate and methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol [108] | 1000 µg/L for 7 days | [No effect on the metabolomic profile] | Pocillopora damicornis | U |
Avobenzone [108] | 1000 µg/L for 7 days | Changes in metabolomic profile | Pocillopora damicornis | U |
Octisalate [108] | 5 – 1000 µg/L for 7 days | Changes in metabolomic profile | Pocillopora damicornis | U |
Octocrylene [109] | 50 – 1000 µg/L for 7 days | Changes in metabolomic profile | Pocillopora damicornis | U |
Titanium dioxide [110] | 6.3 mg/L for 48 h | Increase in the number of damaged algal symbionts | Acropora spp. | U |
Zinc oxide nanoparticles [110] | 6.3 mg/L for 48 h | Increase in the number of damaged algal symbionts | Acropora spp. | U |
Zinc oxide nanoparticles [111] | (50 – 200 µg/L for 24 h) | Changes in the membrane lipid profile | Seriatopora caliendrum | U |
Sunscreens with titanium dioxide nanoparticles Eusolex TS as UV filter [112] | 0.1 mg/L or 1 mg/L for 12 days | Decrease in respiration | Seriatopora hystrix | U |
Sunscreens with titanium dioxide nanoparticles Eusolex TS as UV filter [112] | 0.1 mg/L or 1 mg/L for 12 days | [No effect on respiration] | Seriatopora hystrix, Porites cylindrica | U |
Sunscreens with titanium dioxide nanoparticles Eusolex TS as UV filter [112] | 0.05 – 1 mg/L for 5 h | Increase in abnormal embryo development rate | Acropora hyacinthus | U |
Sunscreens with titanium dioxide nanoparticles Eusolex TS as UV filter [112] | 0.05 – 1 mg/L for 5 h | [No effect on abnormal embryo development rate] | Acropora hyacinthus | U |
Sunscreens with titanium dioxide nanoparticles Eusolex TS as UV filter [112] | 1 mg/L for 15 min | Decrease in sperm motility | Acropora globiceps | U |
Sunscreens with titanium dioxide nanoparticles Eusolex TS as UV filter and Cellulose NanoCrystal [112] | 1 mg/L for 15 min | [No effect on sperm motility] | Acropora globiceps | U |
Sunscreen with titanium dioxide nanoparticles Eusolex T-Avo [112] | 0.05 – 1 mg/L for 5 h | Increase in abnormal embryo development rate | Acropora hyacinthus | U |
Sunscreen with titanium dioxide nanoparticles Eusolex T-Avo [112] | 0.05 – 1 mg/L for 5 h | [No effect on abnormal embryo development rate] | Acropora hyacinthus | U |
Sunscreen with titanium dioxide nanoparticles Eusolex T-Avo [112] | 1 mg/L for 15 min | Decrease in sperm motility | Acropora globiceps | U |
Benzophenone-2 [72] | 24.6 µg/L – 246 mg/L for 8 h or 24 h | Increase in the number of DNA lesions and planulae deformation | Stylophora pistillata | M |
Benzophenone3 [73] | 22.8 µg/L – 228 mg/L for 8 h or 24 h | Increase in the number of DNA lesions and planulae deformation | Stylophora pistillata | M |